Standard models of adolescent risk taking posit that the cognitive abilities of adolescents and adults are equivalent, and that increases in risk taking that occur during adolescence are the result of socio emotional differences in impulsivity, sensation seeking, and lack of self-control. Fuzzy-trace theory incorporates these socio emotional differences. However, it predicts that there are also cognitive differences between adolescents and adults, specifically that there are developmental increases in gist-based intuition that reflects understanding. Gist understanding, as opposed to verbatim-based analysis, (...) generally has been hypothesized to have a protective effect on risk taking in adolescence. Gist understanding is also an essential element of informed consent regarding risks in medical decision- making. Evidence thus supports the argument that adolescents’ status as mature minors should be treated as an exception rather than a presumption, because accuracy in verbatim analysis is not mature gist understanding. Use of the exception should be accompanied by medical experts’ input on the bottom-line gist of risks involved in treatment. (shrink)

Purpose This paper aims to examine exceptionalisms in ethics in general and in the fields of animal and technology ethics in particular. Design/methodology/approach This paper reviews five sample works in animal/technology ethics it considers representative for particularly popular forms of “exceptionalism”. Findings The shared feature of the exceptionalisms exhibited by the chosen samples appears to be born out of the cultural and biological history, which provides powerful intuitions regarding the on “specialness”. Research limitations/implications As this paper is mostly a critique (...) of existing approaches, it contains only a limited amount of counter-proposed alternative approaches. Practical implications This is a discussion worth having because arguments based on exceptionalism have more chance of resulting in significantly altered theoretical conclusions and practical suggestions for normative guidance than non-exceptionalist perspectives. Social implications The approaches critiqued in this paper have a significant effect on the way the authors approach animals, machines/technologies and each other. Originality/value The paper identifies intuitive notions of exceptionalism and argues in favour of a reformist, ethical expansionist stance, which views humanity as residing on the same plane of ethical significance as any other entity regardless of its material composition. (shrink)

The selections contained in these volumes from the papers and letters of Leibniz are intended to serve the student in two ways: first, by providing a more adequate and balanced conception of the full range and penetration of Leibniz's creative intellectual powers; second, by inviting a fresher approach to his intellectual growth and a clearer perception of the internal strains in his thinking, through a chronological arrangement. Much confusion has arisen in the past through a neglect of the develop ment (...) of Leibniz's ideas, and Couturat's impressive plea, in his edition of the Opuscu/es et fragments (p. xii), for such an arrangement is valid even for incomplete editions. The beginning student will do well, however, to read the maturer writings of Parts II, III, and IV first, leaving Part I, from a period too largely neglected by Leibniz criticism, for a later study of the still obscure sources and motives of his thought. The Introduction aims primarily to provide cultural orientation and an exposition of the structure and the underlying assumptions of the philosophical system rather than a critical evaluation. I hope that together with the notes and the Index, it will provide those aids to the understanding which the originality of Leibniz's scientific, ethical, and metaphysical efforts deserve. (shrink)

Resumo: A falência do feminismo liberal é apontada como uma realidade por filósofas feministas como Nancy Fraser. A partir disso, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo esclarecer ideias centrais do feminismo liberal, as principais críticas direcionadas à teoria e a sua utilidade a um projeto feminista emancipador das mulheres, com base, principalmente, nos escritos de Martha Nussbaum. Autonomia, racionalidade e liberdade são as principais reivindicações do feminismo liberal, e por isso, busca-se demonstrar a interlocução entre essas questões e a objetificação, (...) bem como esclarecer que existem interpretações diversas dentro do próprio movimento, a respeito de qual liberdade se interessa, e que nesse sentido, o feminismo liberal igualitário é o mais útil a um projeto emancipador. Palavras-chave: Feminismo liberal; Autonomia; Objetificação; Racionalidade. Autonomy, rationality and freedom: liberal feminism is bankrupt? Abstract: The failure of liberal feminism is pointed out as a reality by feminist philosophers such as Nancy Fraser. From this, the present research aims to clarify central ideas of liberal feminism, the main criticisms directed to the theory and its usefulness to a feminist emancipatory project for women, based mainly on the writings of Martha Nussbaum. Autonomy, rationality and freedom are the main claims of liberal feminism, and therefore, it seeks to demonstrate the dialogue between these issues and objectification, as well as clarify that there are different interpretations within the movement itself, regarding which freedom is interested, and that in this sense, egalitarian liberal feminism is the most useful to an emancipatory project. Key-words: Liberal feminism; Objectification; Autonomy; Rationality. Autonomía, racionalidad y libertad: ¿está en bancarrota el feminismo liberal? Resumen: El fracaso del feminismo liberal es señalado como una realidad por filósofas feministas como Nancy Fraser. A partir de ello, la presente investigación tiene como objetivo esclarecer ideas centrales del feminismo liberal, las principales críticas dirigidas a la teoría y su utilidad para un proyecto feminista emancipador de las mujeres, apoyándose principalmente en los escritos de Martha Nussbaum. La autonomía, la racionalidad y la libertad son los principales reclamos del feminismo liberal, y por ello, busca evidenciar el diálogo entre estos temas y la objetivación, así como aclarar que existen diferentes interpretaciones dentro del propio movimiento, respecto a lo que le interesa la libertad, y que en este sentido, el feminismo liberal igualitario es el más útil para un proyecto emancipador. Palabras clave: Feminismo Liberal; Objetivación; Autonomía; Racionalidad. Data de registro: 28/04/2022 Data de aceite: 17/08/2022. (shrink)

In dieser Schrift begründet Schelling 1800 in methodischer Strenge das Programm seiner Philosophie, d. h. die Notwendigkeit der Zusammenführung von Natur- und Transzendentalphilosophie.

Muitas revisões e críticas são feitas a partir dos estudos da teoria kantiana, e a crítica feminista é uma delas. A posição da mulher na filosofia de Kant é de exclusão da vida pública, sendo relacionada ao belo, guiada pelas emoções e não pela razão. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho busca inicialmente demonstrar aspectos da teoria kantiana sobre a posição da mulher e considerações sobre o imperativo categórico, para após, adentrar às críticas feministas direcionadas ao filósofo. Para sua realização serão (...) utilizados quatro textos principais que envolvem as filósofas Esperanza Guisán, Luisa Posada Kubissa, Stella Villarmea e Nagl-Docekal. A partir das críticas, é apresentada uma releitura feminista que utiliza os estudos de Kant para fundamentar um feminismo ético. (shrink)

Dieser Titel aus dem De Gruyter-Verlagsarchiv ist digitalisiert worden, um ihn der wissenschaftlichen Forschung zugänglich zu machen. Da der Titel erstmals im Nationalsozialismus publiziert wurde, ist er in besonderem Maße in seinem historischen Kontext zu betrachten. Mehr erfahren Sie hier.

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain (...) in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

La vie historique est un complément essentiel aux recherches de Dilthey sur la fondation des sciences humaines. Il y développe une philosophie qui prend en compte tant la vie que l'histoire, l'individu que les communautés et structures dans lesquelles il s'intègre. L'articulation entre la vie, l'expression et la compréhension en constitue un élément essentiel qui l'inscrit au coeur de l'herméneutique. L'ouvrage apporte ainsi un complément essentiel aux recherches qui, en France, ont opposé de manière très radicale la pensée de la (...) structure et la connaissance de l'individu et de son inscription singulière dans le monde. (shrink)